An 88-year-old man presents from a local nursing home with a new onset rectal bleeding. The patient has multiple medical comorbidities, including coronary heart disease previously treated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery, congestive heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. The patient is wheelchair-bound and has an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 4. The patient is found to have an ascending colon adenocarcinoma without evidence of metastatic disease on staging computed tomography (CT). His preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is 2.1 ng/mL. After an extensive conversation with the patient and his family he desires to proceed with minimally invasive right hemicolectomy. Which of the following is a marker for increased postoperative morbidity, mortality, and length of stay?